Maximal and submaximal physiological responses to adaptation to deep water running

Authors: Liane B. Azevedo ^a; Mike I. Lambert ^b; Paulo S. Zogaib ^c; Turibio L. Barros Neto ^c

Affiliations:	a Health and Social Care Institute, Teeside University, Middlesbrough, UK
	b Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
	c Department of Physiology, Federal University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil

DOI: 10.1080/02640410903527813

Publication Frequency: 14 issues per year

Published in: Journal of Sports Sciences

First Published on: 11 February 2010

Subject: Sport & Exercise Science;

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Abstract The aim of the study was to compare physiological responses between runners adapted and not adapted to deep water running at maximal intensity and the intensity equivalent to the ventilatory threshold. Seventeen runners, either adapted (n = 10) or not adapted (n = 7) to deep water running, participated in the study. Participants in both groups undertook a maximal treadmill running and deep water running graded exercise test in which cardiorespiratory variables were measured. Interactions between adaptation (adapted vs. non-adapted) and condition (treadmill running vs. deep water running) were analysed. The main effects of adaptation and condition were also analysed in isolation. Runners adapted to deep water running experienced less of a reduction in maximum oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2max) in deep water running compared with treadmill running than runners not adapted to deep water running. Maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, maximal ventilation, [Vdot]O2 at the ventilatory threshold, heart rate at the ventilatory threshold, and ventilation at the ventilatory threshold were significantly higher during treadmill than deep water running. Therefore, we conclude that adaptation to deep water running reduces the difference in [Vdot]O2maxbetween the two modalities, possibly due to an increase in muscle recruitment. The results of this study support previous findings of a lower maximal and submaximal physiological response on deep water running for most of the measured parameters.

Keywords: Oxygen consumption; heart rate; ventilation; lactate; muscle recruitment

Normalization effect of sports training on blood pressure in hypertensives

Authors: Yi-Liang Chen ^a; Yuh-Feng Liu ^a; Chih-Yang Huang ^b; Shin-Da Lee ^cd; Yi-Sheng Chan ^e; Chiu-Chou Chen ^a; Brennan Harris ^f; Chia-Hua Kuo ^a

Affiliations:	a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei, Taiwan
	b Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
	c Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
	d Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
	e Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
	f Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

DOI: 10.1080/02640410903508862

Publication Frequency: 14 issues per year

Published in: Journal of Sports Sciences

First Published on: 19 February 2010

Subject: Sport & Exercise Science;

Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English)

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Abstract Exercise is recommended as a lifestyle intervention in preventing hypertension based on epidemiological findings. However, previous intervention studies have presented mixed results. This discrepancy could be associated with shortcomings related to sample sizes or the inclusion of normotensive participants. The aim of this prospective cohort study (N = 463) was to compare the chronic effect of increasing sports training time on resting blood pressure for normotensives and hypertensives. We assessed systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for 69 untreated hypertensive patients (age 20.6 ± 0.1 years, systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg) and 394 normotensive controls (age 20.6 ± 0.1 years) before training and at follow-up visits at 12 months. All participants enrolled in various sports training lessons for 8 hours a week. The baseline BMI and HOMA-IR in the hypertensive group were significantly higher than those in the control group. For the normotensive control group, no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after training. However, for the hypertensives, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced after training by ∼15 mmHg and ∼4 mmHg, respectively, and HOMA-IR was reduced by ∼25%. In conclusion, the effect of sports training to lower blood pressure was confined to the group of hypertensives, which may account for the overall minimal reduction in blood pressure observed in previous intervention studies.

Keywords: Hypertension; insulin resistance; HOMA-IR; systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure